Nazi Parade

photo taken by Hugo Jager

Lxx years ago the greatest massacre in history began - with the financing from the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve Organisation of the United States.

A recent resolution past the parliamentary associates of the OSCE declared that the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany held equal roles in unleashing WWII. Furthermore, the resolution has the purely pragmatic goal of pumping Russian money into a few bankrupt economies while seeking to demonize Russia every bit the successor to the Soviet Union and prepare the legal groundwork for depriving Moscow from opposing this revisionist view the war. Simply if nosotros are to contend the culpability for the war's outbreak, then we need to begin by answering this central question: who accommodated the Nazis' rise to ability, who directed them towards global catastrophe? Germany'due south entire prewar history shows that the "necessary" policies were all provided for past guided financial turmoil - the aforementioned state of affairs, by the way, that the globe finds itself in today.

The cardinal structures of the West's post-war strategy were the central fiscal institutions of the Usa and Keen Britain - the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve System - coupled with financial-industrial organizations, who set out to found absolute control over the fiscal arrangement in Deutschland to manage the politics of Central Europe. The implementation of this strategy included the post-obit steps:

1st: 1919-1924 - Preparing the grounds for massive American financial investments in the German economy.
2nd: 1924-1929 - Establishing control over the fiscal system and funding the National-Socialist movement.
3rd: 1929-1933 - Inciting and unleashing a deep economic crisis ensuring the Nazis would rise to power.
quaternary: 1933-1939 - Financial cooperation with the Nazi government and support for its expansionist strange policy, aimed at preparing and unleashing the new earth state of war.

In the starting time stage, the major leverage for the penetration of American capital into Europe came from war debts and the closely related issue of German reparations. After the U.s.' formal entry into WWI, the U.S. provided its allies (primarily England and France) with loans amounting to $8.8 billon. The total sum of war debt owed to the U.S., including loans offered between 1919 and 1921, amounted to $11 billion. To solve their own financial bug the debtor countries went after Deutschland, forcing information technology to pay an enormous sum in reparations nether extremely hard weather condition. The resulting flight of German language majuscule abroad and refusal by companies to pay their taxes resulted in such a state deficit that all the government could do is mass produce High german marks without backing. The German currency collapsed equally a result. During the hyperinflation of 1923, the inflation charge per unit reached 578,512% and one dollar was worth 4.2 trillion Deutsch marks. German industrialists began to openly sabotage all endeavour to pay the reparations, which eventually sparked the famous "Ruhr crisis" — a Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr valley in 1923.

This is exactly what the ruling elite in Britain and American had been waiting for. Having allowed France to become bogged down in the Ruhrland adventures and showing its disability to solve the problem, they took the state of affairs into their ain easily. U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes said, "We must await until Europe is ripe to accept the American proposal."

A new projection was developed in the bowels of J.P. Morgan and Co. at the behest Montague Norman, head of the Bank of England. At the heart of the project were Dresdner Banking company representative Hjalmar Schacht's proposals, which had been formulated in March 1922 at the request of John Foster Dulles, futurity Secretary of State under Eisenhower, and legal advisor to President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Briefing.

Dulles passed the proposals to the chief trustee of J.P. Morgan and Co., who then gave recommendations to Schacht, Norman and - at last - to Weimar officials. In December 1923, Schacht became the manager of Reichbank and played an instrumental role in bringing together the Anglo-American and German language fiscal circles.

In the summer of 1924, the project, known as the "Dawes Plan" (named after an Charles G. Dawes, the American director of one of Morgan'south banks, who chaired the commission of experts who preparing the proposals) was adopted at the London Conference. He called for halving the reparations to be paid, and also settled how Germany would pay them off. Notwithstanding, the primary goal was to provide favorable conditions for U.S. investment, which could only be fabricated possible by stabilizing the German mark.

To that finish, Germany was granted $200 million in loans, half of which were provided by Morgan'south banks. In doing and then, Anglo-American banks established command over non only Deutschland's payments, but as well its budget, monetary system and, to a large extent, its credit system. By Baronial 1924, the old German marker had been fabricated afresh, the financial situation in Germany stabilized, and, every bit researcher G.D. Preparta wrote, the Weimar Commonwealth was prepared for "the near hit economical aid in history, followed by the almost bitter harvest in earth history. [...] [T]he uncontrollable gushing of American claret flooded into Germany's financial core."

The consequences of this quickly made themselves noticed.

Firstly, due to the fact that the annual reparations payments were to cover the allies' total debts, the and so-chosen "absurd Weimar bicycle" developed. The gold that Germany was using to pay war reparations was heaped up and sold to the U.South., where information technology disappeared. From the U.South., according to the plan, gold was going to Frg in the grade of "aid", which was then paid dorsum to England and France, who then sent information technology back to the U.s.a. to pay off their war debts. The U.South. and so placed a heavy interest rate on information technology and sent it dorsum to Germany. In the end, Frg lived off of debt, and information technology was clear that should Wall Street withdraw its loans, then the country would endure a consummate meltdown.

Secondly, although the loans were officially given to Federal republic of germany to ensure the payment of reparations, in reality, they were designed to restore the state's war machine-industrial potential. In fact, the Germans paid off the loans with shares of High german companies, allowing American capital to actively integrate itself into the German economic system. The full corporeality of strange investment in German industry from 1924-1929 amounted to near 63 billion gold marks (the loans accounted for 30 billion of this), and 10 billion in reparations was paid off. American bankers - primarily J.P. Morgan, provided Seventy pct of Germany'southward financial income. As a result, as early as 1929, Germany'south industry was 2nd in the world, but to a big extent it was in the easily of America's leading financial-industrial groups.

Thus, I.M. Farben, the visitor that became the German military machine's central component, was under the control of Rockefeller'south Standard Oil at the fourth dimension it funded 45 pct of Hitler's election entrada in 1930. Through General Electric, J.P. Morgan controlled the German radio and electric industry in the class of AEG and Siemens (by 1933, Full general Electric owned a 30 percent stake in AEG). Through telecom visitor ITT, he controlled 40 percent of Federal republic of germany'due south phone network and 30 percent of aircraft manufacturer Focke-Wulf. Opel was taken over by the Dupont family unit's Full general Motors. Henry Ford held a 100 percent stake in Volkswagen. In 1926, with the participation of Rockefeller banking concern, Dillon Reed and Co., the second largest industrial monopoly emerged - metallurgical firm Vereinigte Stahlwerke (Unified Steel Trusts) of Thyssen, Flick, Wolf, Fegler, etc.

American cooperation with Germany's war machine-industrial complex became and then intense and pervasive that, by 1933, American majuscule had reached key sectors of German industry and even major banks like Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank, Donat Bank, etc.

Simultaneously, a political force was being financed that would be called upon to play a crucial function in the Anglo-American plans - the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler himself.

German Chancellor Brüning wrote in his memoirs that beginning in 1923, Hitler received big sums of coin from abroad - from where exactly is unknown, only it passed through Swiss and Swedish banks. It is also known that in 1922, Hitler met with U.S. Military Attaché Capt. Truman Smith in Munich - a coming together Smith recounted in a detailed study to his Washington superiors (in the Office of Military Intelligence), saying he idea highly of Hitler.

It was through Smith's circle of acquaintances that Hitler came into contact with "Putzi" (Ernst Franz Sedgwick Hanfstaengl), a Harvard University graduate who played an important function shaping Hitler into a successful politician, giving him substantial financial support and connections among senior British figures.

Hitler was preparing himself for big-time politics, just, as long as prosperity reigned in Federal republic of germany, his party remained on the periphery of public life. This situation inverse dramatically with the onset of the crisis.

After the U.S. Federal Reserve engineered the collapse of the stock market in the fall of 1929, the third stage of the Anglo-American strategy began.

The Fed and J.P. Morgan decided to end lending to Germany, spurring a banking crisis and economic depression in Central Europe. In September 1931, England abandoned the gold standard, deliberately destroying the international payment system and completely cutting off the financial oxygen of the Weimar Democracy.

Simply, the Nazi Party experienced a miraculous boom: in September 1930, thanks to large donations from Thyssen, I.One thousand. Farben, and Kirdorf, the political party collected 6.4 meg votes - putting information technology in 2nd place in the Reichstag. Shortly thereafter appeared a generous infusion of funds from abroad. Hjalmar Schacht became the key link between the major German language industrialists and the strange financiers.

On Jan 4, 1932, at a meeting between Adolf Hitler, High german Chancellor Franz von Papen and Montague Norman, a secret agreement was reached securing funding for the Nazi Party. The American politician, Dulles, was also present at this meeting - something his biographers don't like to mention. On Jan fourteen, 1933, Hitler held a meeting with Kurt von Schroeder, a Nazi-sympathizing banker, von Papen and Kepler, where the Hitler's programme was fully approved. It was here that the final path for the Nazis' rise to power was laid, and on January 30, Hitler became chancellor.

And then began the fourth phase of the strategy.

The relationship between the new authorities and the Anglo-American ruling circles became extremely benevolent. When Hitler refused connected payment of reparations, which naturally raised questions about the payment of war debts, neither U.k. nor France forced him to pay upward. Moreover, afterward Reichsbank head Hjalmar Schacht traveled to the U.S. in May 1933 to see with the president and major Wall Street bankers, America provided Germany with new loans totaling $1 billion. And in June, during a visit to Norman in London, Schacht requested an addition $ii billion in loans besides as a reduction and eventual abeyance of payment on old loans. Thus, the Nazis got something that the previous regime could not.

In the summer of 1934, Great britain signed the Anglo-German Transfer Agreement, which became ane of the foundations of British policy towards the Third Reich, and by the end of the 1930'due south, Germany developed into Britain's chief trading partner. Schroeder's bank turned into Frg'southward and United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland'south main agent, and in 1936, its New York branch merged with a Rockefeller holding to create the investment bank "Schroeder, Rockefeller and Co.", which the New York Times described equally "economical-propagandist axis of Berlin-Rome". As he admitted himself, Hitler viewed foreign credit equally the financial basis of his four-yr program, so this didn't raise the slightest alarm.

In August 1934, American oil giant Standard Oil purchased 730,000 acres of land in Germany and congenital big oil refineries that supplied the Nazis with oil. At the same fourth dimension, the United States secretly provided Frg with the nearly modern equipment for airplane factories, which would soon produce German aircraft. Germany received a large number of patents from American firms Pratt and Whitney, Douglas, and the Bendix Corporation, and the "Junker-87" dive-bomber was built using purely American technology. By 1941, when the second world war was in total-swing, American investment in the German economy totaled $475 one thousand thousand, Standard Oil invested $120 million lone, General Motors — $35 million, ITT — $thirty million, and Ford — $17.5 1000000.

The intimate financial and economic collusion betwixt Anglo-American and Nazi businessman was the properties against which the policy of appeasement to the aggressor took place - leading directly to Earth State of war 2.

Today, while the global financial aristocracy has embarked on a plan of "Great Low part 2" with the subsequent transition to a "new world order", it is imperative to identify its cardinal part in organizing crimes confronting humanity in the past.


ORIENTAL REVIEW has completed exclusive translations of the chapters from Nikolay Starikov'due south documentary research ""Who Made Hitler Attack Stalin" (St.Petersburg, 2008). Mr. Starikov is Russian historian and ceremonious activist. The original text was adapted and translated by ORIENTAL REVIEW.