Review of True Composite 40 V Ecd Carbon 20
Highlights
• PI-5-CA/C-SWCNT nanohybrids are synthesized by facile methods
• The PI-5-CA/C-SWCNT nanohybrid-modified GCE was farther incubated with the E. coli antibody to complete the antigen–antibiotic reaction to fabricate the Ab/PI-5-CA/C-SWCNTs/GCE immunosensor
• Ab/PI-5-CA/C-SWCNTs/GCE shows an excellent electrochemical activity for E. coli O157 detection
• Existent-time in vitro detection of E. coli O157 from real samples and compared results obtained from the bodily samples
1 Introduction
To engagement, the most important topic of concern for food industries is the alarming increase of food- and waterborne diseases (Law et al., 2015; Patra and Baek, 2016). According to statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO), up to 30% of the world'south population suffers from foodborne diseases every year (Jia and Jukes, 2013). Factors that crusade foodborne diseases include bacteria, parasites, viruses, chemicals, and toxins (Aziz et al., 2021; Rad et al., 2021). Among these factors, bacterial contagion is an alarming threat to human being health (Chen et al., 2017; Sai-Anand et al., 2019). Leaner are ubiquitous in nature, and bacterial contamination may occur in whatever nutrient chain (Odeyemi et al., 2020). If food chains once get infected with these pathogens, it can seriously threaten human health and can cause economic losses, if not treated timely (Asif et al., 2018). In 2011, in that location was an outbreak in the United states of america due to the contamination of cantaloupe instigated past Listeria monocytogenes, which infected 147 with 33 deaths (Ghosh et al., 2019). In the same year, Germany also experienced a massive outbreak of hemolytic uremic syndrome, which was initiated past E. coli O104:H4 infection (Stockman, 2013). Above all, every yr, the number of infections acquired by Salmonella crossed ane million, leading to severe illness and sometimes decease (Jarvis et al., 2016). In 2016, 13 cases of diarrhea occurred in nine U.South. states due to the consumption of flour infected with E. coli O157:H7 (Sperber and North American Millers' Association Microbiology Working Group, 2007). Therefore, fast and reliable detection of pathogens is essential to forestall and control the outbreaks of foodborne diseases.
Among the mutual pathogens in daily life, East. coli O157:H7 is ane of the almost chancy foodborne pathogens because of its virulence and pathogenicity (Buchanan and Doyle, 1997; Zhao et al., 2021). Diseases acquired by East. coli O157:H7 include diarrhea, fever, and airsickness (Pandey et al., 2017). At present, quite a lot of attention has been devoted to the research for the rapid detection of East. coli O157:H7 (Park et al., 2020) The conventionally used plate counting method is reliable to some extent simply inevitably limited owing to the time-consumption (Sieuwerts et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2014). Technological advances introduced and proposed new methods and techniques, such every bit polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Amagliani et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2022) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Di Febo et al., 2019; Hu Y. et al., 2021), but the requirement of high precision and accuracy as well equally the demand of highly professional person trainers limited their utilise to some extent. To address all these bug related to conventional and advanced techniques, biosensors have been developed (Aziz et al., 2022). The evolution of biosensors tin solve the abovementioned problems (Asif et al., 2019; Aziz et al., 2019b), such as colorimetry (Yao et al., 2020), fluorescence (Shi et al., 2015), and electrochemistry (Li et al., 2021). Among them, the electrochemical method has received widespread attention considering of the low cost, piece of cake handling, and portability (Asif et al., 2022).
Many electrochemical redox active materials have been used as electronic media for the development of electrochemical biosensors, such as ferrocene (Hu Fifty. et al., 2021), graphene oxide (Go) (Aziz et al., 2019a), and Prussian blueish (22). However, nigh of these materials suffer low electrical conductivity and poor stability, so their effects in the field of electrochemical detection are not satisfactory (Kang et al., 2016). Equally a conductive polymer, poly (indole-5-carboxylic acid) (PI-5-CA) exhibits proficient electrochemical behavior, good thermal stability, and superior redox action due to its arable functional groups and specific surface area (Asif et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2019). At the same fourth dimension, the introduction of carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (C-SWCNTs) can further meliorate the specific surface area and the electrical conductivity of PI-5-CA. Due to its tubular hollow construction, carbon nanotubes take unique electric conductivity, loftier force, flexibility, stable chemical properties, and fantabulous specific area (Kumar and Sundramoorthy, 2019; Li et al., 2021). Through chemical synthesis, PI-5-CA and C-SWCNTs are synthesized into a composite material to syndicate the electrochemical advantages of the two, and using their abundant carboxyl functional groups to combine with various biological recognition molecules (Yang et al., 2019).
Therefore, we use the superior electrical conductivity of C-SWCNTs and the ultrahigh redox activeness of PI-5-CA to construct an electrochemical sensing platform (Joshi and Prakash, 2013; Yang et al., 2019). At the same fourth dimension, we use the characteristic of antigen-antibiotic-specific binding to propose an electrochemical immunosensor to detect E. coli O157:H7. Start, the PI-5-CA/C-SWCNT composite cloth was synthesized for the modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and the redox characteristics of the material were explored using the classic three-electrode system. By activating the carboxyl group on the surface of the material and binding with the amino group of the antibody, the anti-E. coli antibody is connected to the surface of the modified GCE for E. coli O157:H7 detection as represented by Effigy 1. In this research work, PI-v-CA was used to provide a stable redox signal to meliorate the detection sensitivity (Joshi and Prakash, 2013), while C-SWCNT coupling was used to further improve stability and conductivity (Joshi and Prakash, 2013), as well equally provide abundant binding sites for antibodies, which in turn ensure the detection specificity. Past detecting the change of PI-5-CA redox electric current, the rapid and sensitive detection effect of E. coli O157:H7 is realized (Yang et al., 2021). Nosotros used this constructed biosensor to successfully detect E. coli in domestic water, and compared the results with the traditional culture method to make up one's mind the sensitivity and reliability of the fabricated sensor.
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the pace-by-step training of PI-v-CA/C-SWCNTs/GCE and its modification with antibodies and BSA for the sensitive detection of Eastward. coli O157:H7.
2 Experimental Sections
two.ane Chemicals and Reagents
Indole-5-carboxylic acid (I-5-CA) was purchased from Shanghai Vita Chemical Regent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (C-SWCNTs) were purchased from Nanjing Xian Feng Nanomaterials Technology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). North-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and Northward-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) were purchased from Aladdin Chemical science Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and two-morpholinoethanesulfonic acrid (MES) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (United States). The anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibody was purchased from Thermo (United States). Ethanol, ammonium persulfate (APS), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), and H2SOfour were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All the chemicals and reagents were used every bit information technology is, without further purification. The 4 different strains were used in this research every bit shown in Tabular array i.
TABLE 1. Information of the strains used in this work.
2.ii Synthesis of PI-v-CA/C-SWCNTs
The PI-5-CA/C-SWCNT nanocomposite was synthesized by the chemic method. First, 100 mg of In-5-COOH monomer and 2 mg of carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (C-SWCNTs) were dissolved in 2.5 ml of absolute ethanol, Next, 100 mg ammonium persulfate (APS) was dissolved in 10.0 ml of HtwoSOiv (pH = 1). Under constant temperature stirring, the mixed solution of 100 mg ammonium persulfate (APS) dissolved in 10 ml H2And then4 (pH = one) was added gradually, and the mixture was left to react at xxx°C for 6 h. After the reaction was completed, the product was filtered and washed with ultrapure water and absolute ethanol several times in sequence. Finally, we used this solid product to prepare 1 mg/ml solution in ultrapure water for further use.
2.3 Fabrication of the Electrochemical Immunosensor
Before each experiment, the glassy carbon electrode (3 mm in diameter) was polished to a mirror surface with 0.05 μM alumina powder and ultrasonically treated with ultrapure water and absolute ethanol, respectively. Finally, the cleaned electrode was dried with high-purity nitrogen for the side by side modification.
For the modification of electrode, ten µL of 1 mg/ml solution of PI-5-CA/C-SWCNTs was injected onto the surface of the GCE and dried in air naturally. To activate the carboxyl group on the blended textile, starting time, the modified electrode was immersed in a mixed solution (containing 40 mM NHS, 100 mM EDC and 100 mM MES), and and then incubated at 37°C for 30 min accompanied by the subsequent degradation of 10 μL of Ab solution (5 μg/ml). After that the prepared Ab/PI-5-CA/C-SWCNTs/GCE was further incubated at 37°C for two h to ensure that the antibodies demark to the electrode surface. Next, 10 µL of BSA (1 mg/ml) was added dropwise onto the electrode surface and incubated at 37°C for 30 min to block the residual active sites. Finally, the prepared immunosensor was successfully used against bacterial detection and repeated the same procedure after each experiment. It is noted that later on each modification, the electrode should be gently done with PBS (pH = 6) to remove physical adsorption (26).
ii.4 Preparation of Samples
In order to obtain satisfactory results, pretreatment of the bacterial civilization medium is necessary. The bacterial strains used in the research were inoculated into the 5 ml LB medium and cultured at 37°C and 200 rpm for half dozen h to their logarithmic growth stage. After that, the freshly cultivated bacterial liquids were centrifuged and immersed in PBS to further dilute into appropriate concentrations. The sample training procedure for actual testing is as follows: first, the tap water was filtered three times with a 0.22 µM filter membrane, and so freshly cultured E. coli O157:H7 was added to obtain a natural sample.
two.5 Analytical Operation of the Immunosensor
Start, ten µL of the to a higher place bacterial liquid was injected to the surface of the immunosensor electrode, and it was incubated at 37°C for ii h to complete the antigen–antibody reaction. Later on that, the electrode was gently washed with PBS (pH = 6) to remove the physical absorption. All electrochemical experiments were performed on a CHI660A electrochemical workstation. Throughout the electrochemical experimentation, a three-electrode system (Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode, platinum plate every bit the counter electrode, and modified electrode as the working electrode) was used to perform cyclic voltammetry (CV) under −0.2–0.8 V at a scanning speed of 100 mV/southward to evaluate the electrode surface behavior. Throughout the experimentations, PBS (pH = half dozen) was used.
3 Characterization of the PI-5-CA/C-SWCNTS Blended
The surface morphologies of PI-5-CA and C-SWCNTs were initially characterized by using the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the morphology of the three-dimensional structure of PI-5-CA/C-SWCNTs. The SEM images of PI-5-CA/C-SWCNT nanocomposite at unlike magnifications showed in Figures 2A–C formed a three-dimensional layered porous structure, which can facilitate the combination of diverse biorecognition molecules and improve the analytical performance of the electrochemical sensor based on PI-5-CA/C-SWCNTs. PI-5-CA exhibited a distinct aggregated morphology that was further combined with SWCNTs to class a distinct three-dimensional structure. SWCNT rods covered with aggregated PI-v-CA as rough surfaces greatly enhance the surface surface area to provide more active sites to complete the catalytic reaction. SWCNTs support completely burying inside PI-5-CA enhances the catalytic efficiency of the made material being conductive materials. The SEM image results are likewise consequent with the TEM results taken at different magnification equally shown in Figures 2d–F.
FIGURE ii. (A–C) SEM images of C-SWCNTs, PI-v-CA, and PI-v-CA/C-SWCNTs at different magnifications, and TEM images of (D) C-SWCNTs, (Eastward) PI-five-CA, and (F) PI-v-CA/C-SWCNTs.
The polymerization mechanism of PI-5-CA was studied past Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the result is shown in Figure 3A. The spectral assimilation peak intensity of PI-v-CA is significantly wider than that of I-five-CA monomer, which may exist owing to the wide conjugated concatenation length distribution of polymers (Liu et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2021). Amongst them, in the spectrum of monomer I-5-CA and polymer PI-5-CA, the fluctuation of absorption height in the range of 700–820 cm−one is caused by the deformation vibration of three C-H on the benzene ring, which indicates that the polymerization of monomer occurs on the pyrrole ring (Sivakkumar et al., 2005). The = CH-N stretching vibration of the monomer virtually 890 cm−1 disappeared in the polymer spectrum. The peaks near 1,478–i,838 cm−one showed the presence of carboxyl groups in the monomer I-v-CA and the polymer PI-5-CA (Narang et al., 2013). Compared with the FT-IR spectra of PI-5-CA, the FT-IR spectra of PI-v-CA/C-SWCNT nanocomposites showed a one-point positive shift in the C=C bail, which should be attributed to the π–π interaction between PI-5-CA and C-SWCNTs (Yang et al., 2019).
FIGURE 3. (A) FT-IR characterization results of I-5-CA, PI-5-CA, and PI-five-CA/C-SWCNTs. (B) CV of electrodes modified with PI-v-CA/C-SWCNTs, bare GC, and PI-v-CA in 0.1 G PBS (pH = 6). (C) CV representation of the electrode in 0.1 M PBS (pH = half dozen) after each step of modification, and (D) the current changes of the immunosensor under different antibody incubation times in 0.1 M PBS (pH = 6).
4 Results and Discussion
4.i Electrochemical Performance of PI-5-CA/C-SWCNTs/GCE
Compared with the bare GCE, both PI-5-CA/C-SWCNTs and PI-v-CA-modified electrodes can promote electron transfer and generate redox current. Information technology can be seen from Figure 3B that the redox current peak value of PI-v-CA/C-SWCNTs/GCE is significantly higher than that of PI-5-CA/GCE, which may be attributed to the tubular structure of C-SWCNTs promoting the electron transfer of PI-5-CA. Figure 3C shows the electron transfer behavior of the electrode surface after each modification. Because PI-5-CA/C-SWCNTs take higher redox action and electrical conductivity, a higher redox current peak can be clearly seen. In that case, when antibodies leap to the carboxyl groups present on the surface of PI-5-CA/C-SWCNTs, a reduction in the pinnacle redox current can be conspicuously observed. This is due to the fact that the antibody protein is a non-conductive substance, which causes hindrance during the electron transfer on the electrode surface that resultantly causes a subtract in redox current. After incubating with E. coli O157:H7 bacterial solution, the superlative redox current further decreased, which just proved that the bacterial solution successfully combined with the antibody on the electrode surface. This reduction was due to the increased steric effect of antigen–antibody immune complexes during electron transfer. The current change on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode indicates the successful preparation of the immunosensor, which can be further used every bit a potential platform for detecting leaner.
4.ii Optimization of Experimental Parameters
iv.2.1 Optimization of Antibody Incubation Time
When the PI-5-CA/C-SWCNT composite material was deposited on the surface of the electrode, the carboxyl grouping can be activated with a mixed solution containing EDC, NHS, and MES. Then, 10 µL of antibody solution was dropped onto the surface of the electrode, which helps antibodies to get attached to the surface of the GCE through the amino-carboxyl reaction in a 37°C water bath. In order to make sure the -COOH group of the PI-5-CA/C-SWCNT blended material can bind to more and more antibodies, the incubation time was optimized inside 100 min.
It can be seen from Figure 3D that every bit the incubation time increases, the peak value of the redox current on the electrode surface gradually decreases. This is due to the gradual increase in the amount of antibodies spring to the electrode surface, which increases the impedance of electron transfer. As shown in Figure 3D, after about 60 min of reaction, the electric current superlative gradually stabilized. It can exist concluded that the antibodies leap to the electrode surface reach a relatively saturated state after 60 min of incubation. Later studies also chose 60 min equally the antibody incubation time.
iv.2.2 Optimization of Incubation Time for E. coli O157:H7
In order to ensure the bounden of sufficient amount of bacteria on the electrode to attain a sensitive detection effect, the incubation time of the bacteria solution was further optimized. The freshly cultured Due east. coli O157:H7 bacterial solution was immersed in PBS afterward centrifugation, and and then was diluted to different concentrations. In total, ten µL of 4 × xvi CFU/mL Eastward. coli O157:H7 bacterial liquid was added dropwise to the prepared immunosensing electrode and incubated at 37°C for different times.
As the incubation time increases, the oxidation peak current gradually decreases and the electric current value tends to stabilize at about thirty min as depicted by Figure 4A. In the subsequent incubation fourth dimension, the fluctuation of the current value may be attributed to the reversibility of the antigen–antibiotic immune binding reaction (Ghosh, 2006). In summary, 30 min was selected every bit the reaction time for the combination of bacteria and immunosensor.
FIGURE 4. (A) Current changes of the immunosensor under different bacterial incubation times, (B) linear human relationship between the current change value and the logarithm of the bacterial concentration, (C) detection specificity of the immunosensor, and (D) operation of the electrochemical immunosensors at various storage periods.
4.3 Belittling Performance of the Immunosensor
Nether the optimal experimental conditions, the analytical functioning of the prepared immunosensor was studied. The E. coli O157:H7 monoclonal colony was picked into the LB liquid medium and cultivated to a logarithmic phase at 37°C with 200 rpm shaking. Later, the freshly cultured bacterial solution was centrifuged and immersed in PBS. Finally, the bacterial liquid was diluted to a series of concentration gradient from 2.98×101 to 2.98 × 107 CFU/ml, and x µL of the abovementioned diluted bacterial solution was dropped onto the electrode surface and incubated for 30 min in a 37°C h2o bath. Afterward that, the electric current changes on the electrode surface were recorded.
It can exist seen from Figure 4B that there is a skilful linear relationship between the current modify value (ΔI) (before and afterward the immunosensor is combined with the bacterial solution) and the logarithmic value of the bacterial solution concentration [Log(CFU/ml)]. After fitting, within the linear range, the linear relationship betwixt ΔI and the concentration of E. coli O157:H7 is ΔI = iv.0684 Log(CFU/mL)-one.4083 (R ii = 0.9976) with a depression limit of detection of two.v CFU/ml (LOD = iii SD/k, north = three). It tin be concluded that the prepared immunosensor platform has great potential for the rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7, which can provide a footing for the adjacent step of detection in natural samples.
4.4 Analytical Specificity of the Immunosensor
In order to explore specificity of the biosensing organization for Due east. coli O157:H7 detection, different types of strains such equally Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli O157:H7 have been detected by repeating the same detection procedure. In total, x µL of 106 CFU/ml of the same various fresh bacterial liquids were injected onto the prepared immune-electrode surface, respectively, for the sensitive strain detection.
In comparing to the Eastward. coli O157:H7 modified immunosensor, the other immunosensors modified with Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus exhibited up to twenty% less response toward the target strain as shown in Figure 4C. It tin be seen that the specificity of the developed electrochemical immunosensor is acceptable.
four.v Stability of the Immunosensor
The storage operation of this sensor also was studied. The prepared antibiotic sensor was stored at 4°C and the peak value of the redox current on the electrodes was detected every other twenty-four hours. It can be seen from Figure 4D that the prepared immunosensor has good storage stability. Later 1 week, information technology can notwithstanding maintain 96.78% of the original electric current value. Later on two weeks of storage, the current value was virtually 93.30% of the original value, which further shows that the sensor has good stability and practical applications potential.
iv.vi Detection and Analysis of Real Samples
Benefitted from the fantabulous electrochemical performance, nosotros applied our modified electrode for the detection of East. coli O157:H7 from the existent samples and compared the results obtained from the actual samples with the plate counting method in Table 2.
Tabular array 2. Assay results of the actual sample using the proposed and plate counting method.
Recovery (%) is expressed as the ratio of the number of detected/number of spiked. As shown in Table 2, the recovery rate of the prepared biosensor is 98.13–107.69%, indicating that the proposed immunosensor for E. coli O157:H7 detection has good accurateness. In other words, this electrochemical immunosensor provides a potential application prospect for the analysis of Due east. coli O157:H7 in natural samples.
5 Conclusion
In summary, we take successfully proposed a PI-5-CA/C-SWCNT-based electrochemical immunosensor for the rapid detection of Eastward. coli O157:H7. Get-go, we prepared PI-v-CA/C-SWCNT composites with a three-dimensional porous construction through a simple chemical oxidation polymerization method. The PI-five-CA/C-SWCNT material has a stable redox activity, good conductivity, big specific surface expanse, and abundant functional groups. By taking the reward of these superb characteristics, we used antibodies as biorecognition molecules to construct Ab/PI-5-CA/C-SWCNTs/GCE immunosensing electrodes for the sensitive detection of E. coli O157:H7. Compared with previous reported works (Xue et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020; Qaanei et al., 2021), our fabricated biosensor can observe bacteria equally depression as 29.8 CFU/ml within 30 min, which greatly shorten the detection fourth dimension. At the same time, the immunosensor shows good sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and stability toward the detection of E. coli O157:H7. We believe that the leaner detection method proposed in this commodity has expert awarding prospects, which can not merely be used for the sensitive and selective detection of E. coli O157:H7 but also pave a style for the elementary and fast detection of different bacterial strains also as other substances.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Fabric; further inquiries tin can be directed to the respective authors.
Author Contributions
HW conceived the idea, carried out the whole experimental work, and wrote the manuscript. YF contributed in conceiving the idea and helped in revising the manuscript. QY helped in revision. XS helped in experiments. HL contributed in arranging leaner. WC helped in experiments and removed typo mistakes. AA helped in visualization, writing—original typhoon, and revision. SW helped in dissimilar aspects, funding acquisition, conceptualization, visualization, writing—original typhoon, and revision.
Funding
This research work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China nether Grant 2017YFC1104402, the China Postdoctoral Scientific discipline Foundation (2016M602291), the initial research fund from Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC), and 3551 Project, Eyes Valley of China.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the enquiry was conducted in the absenteeism of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential disharmonize of interest.
Publisher'south Annotation
All claims expressed in this commodity are solely those of the authors and do non necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this commodity, or merits that may be made past its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed past the publisher.
References
Amagliani, G., Brandi, G., Omiccioli, E., Casiere, A., Bruce, I. J., and Magnani, K. (2004). Direct Detection of Listeria Monocytogenes from Milk past Magnetic Based DNA Isolation and PCR. Food Microbiol. 21 (five), 597–603. doi:x.1016/j.fm.2003.ten.008
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Asif, Grand., Aziz, A., Dao, A. Q., Hakeem, A., Wang, H., Dong, South., et al. (2015). Real-Time Tracking of Hydrogen Peroxide Secreted by Live Cells Using MnO2 Nanoparticles Intercalated Layered Doubled Hydroxide Nanohybrids. Analytica Chim. Acta 898, 34–41. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2015.09.053
PubMed Abstruse | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Asif, Thou., Aziz, A., Azeem, Grand., Wang, Z., Ashraf, G., Xiao, F., et al. (2018). A Review on Electrochemical Biosensing Platform Based on Layered Double Hydroxides for Small Molecule Biomarkers Determination. Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci. 262, 21–38. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2018.11.001
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Asif, One thousand., Aziz, A., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wang, West., Ajmal, Thousand., et al. (2019). Superlattice Stacking by Hybridizing Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets with Layers of Reduced Graphene Oxide for Electrochemical Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine, Uric Acid and Ascorbic Acid. Microchim Acta 186 (2), 61. doi:ten.1007/s00604-018-3158-y
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Asif, G., Aziz, A., Ashraf, G., Iftikhar, T., Sun, Y., Xiao, F., et al. (2022). Unveiling Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Engineering to Transfigure Amercement into Benefits: A Textile Sensor for H2O2 Detection in Clinical Cancer Tissues. Chem. Eng. J. 427, 131398. doi:ten.1016/j.cej.2021.131398
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Aziz, A., Asif, K., Ashraf, M., Azeem, One thousand., Majeed, I., Ajmal, One thousand., et al. (2019a). Advancements in Electrochemical Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide, Glucose and Dopamine past Using 2D Nanoarchitectures of Layered Double Hydroxides or Metallic Dichalcogenides. A Review. Microchim Acta 186 (10), 671. doi:x.1007/s00604-019-3776-z
PubMed Abstruse | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Aziz, A., Asif, Grand., Azeem, M., Ashraf, G., Wang, Z., Xiao, F., et al. (2019b). Self-Stacking of Exfoliated Charged Nanosheets of LDHs and Graphene equally Biosensor with Real-Fourth dimension Tracking of Dopamine from Live Cells. Analytica Chim. Acta 1047, 197–207. doi:ten.1016/j.aca.2018.ten.008
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Aziz, A., Asif, M., Ashraf, G., Farooq, U., Yang, Q., and Wang, Due south. (2021). Trends in Biosensing Platforms for SARS-CoV-2 Detection: A Disquisitional Appraisal against Standard Detection Tools. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interf. Sci 52, 101418. doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101418
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Aziz, A., Asif, M., Ashraf, One thousand., Iftikhar, T., Hu, J., Xiao, F., et al. (2022). Boosting Electrocatalytic Action of Carbon Fiber@fusiform-Like Copper-Nickel LDHs: Sensing of Nitrate as Biomarker for NOB Detection. J. Hazard. Mater. 422, 126907. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126907
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Buchanan, R. 50., and Doyle, M. P. (1997). Foodborne Illness Significance of Escherichia C O157: H7 and Other Enterohemorrhagic Eastward. C. Food Technol. (Chicago) 51 (x), 69–76.
Google Scholar
Chen, J., Andler, Due south. M., Goddard, J. Grand., Nugen, Due south. R., and Rotello, V. Chiliad. (2017). Integrating Recognition Elements with Nanomaterials for Bacteria Sensing. Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 (v), 1272–1283. doi:10.1039/c6cs00313c
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Di Febo, T., Schirone, G., Visciano, P., Portanti, O., Armillotta, M., Persiani, T., et al. (2019). Development of a Capture ELISA for Rapid Detection of Salmonella E in Food Samples. Food Anal. Methods 12 (ii), 322–330. doi:10.1007/s12161-018-1363-2
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Ghosh, P., Zhou, Y., Richardson, Q., and Higgins, D. E. (2019). Characterization of the Pathogenesis and Allowed Response to Listeria Monocytogenes Strains Isolated from a Sustained National Outbreak. Sci. Rep. 9 (one), 19587. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56028-3
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Ghosh, R. (2006). Membrane Chromatographic Immunoassay Method for Rapid Quantitative Assay of Specific Serum Antibodies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 93 (two), 280–285. doi:10.1002/bit.20707
PubMed Abstruse | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Hu, L., Gong, B., Jiang, Due north., Li, Y., and Wu, Y. (2021a). Electrochemical Biosensor for Cytokinins Based on the CHASE Domain of Arabidopsis Histidine Kinases iv. Bioelectrochemistry 141, 107872. doi:x.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107872
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Hu, Y., Dominicus, Y., Gu, J., Yang, F., Wu, S., Zhang, C., et al. (2021b). Option of Specific Nanobodies to Develop an Immuno-Assay Detecting Staphylococcus A in Milk. Food Chem. 353, 129481. doi:ten.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129481
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Jarvis, N. A., O'Bryan, C. A., Dawoud, T. 1000., Park, S. H., Kwon, Y. M., Crandall, P. G., et al. (2016). An Overview of Salmonella Thermal Destruction during Nutrient Processing and Preparation. Food Control 68, 280–290. doi:ten.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.006
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Jia, C., and Jukes, D. (2013). The National Food Safety Control Arrangement of Mainland china - A Systematic Review. Food control 32 (1), 236–245. doi:x.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.042
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Joshi, 50., and Prakash, R. (2013). Synthesis of Conducting Poly(5-Carboxyindole)/Au Nanocomposite: Investigation of Structural and Nanoscale Electrical Backdrop. Thin solid films 534, 120–125. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2013.02.025
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Kang, D., Ricci, F., White, R. J., and Plaxco, Yard. W. (2016). Survey of Redox-Agile Moieties for Application in Multiplexed Electrochemical Biosensors. Anal. Chem. 88 (21), 10452–10458. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02376
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Kumar, T. H. V., and Sundramoorthy, A. K. (2019). Electrochemical Biosensor for Methyl Parathion Based on Unmarried-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Glutaraldehyde Crosslinked Acetylcholinesterase-Wrapped Bovine Serum Albumin Nanocomposites. Analytica Chim. Acta 1074, 131–141. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.011
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Law, J. W.-F., Ab Mutalib, N.-S., Chan, M.-Yard., and Lee, L.-H. (2015). Rapid Methods for the Detection of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens: Principles, Applications, Advantages and Limitations. Front. Microbiol. v, 770. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00770
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Li, J., Wang, W., Liu, J., Li, H., Zhang, Northward., Yang, F., et al. (2021). Human-Like Performance Umami Electrochemical Biosensor by Utilizing Co-Electrodeposition of Ligand Bounden Domain T1R1-VFT and Prussian Blueish. Biosens. Bioelectron. 193, 113627. doi:ten.1016/j.bios.2021.113627
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Liu, H., Zhen, S., Ming, S., Lin, K., Gu, H., Zhao, Y., et al. (2016). Furan and Pyridinechalcogenodiazole-Based π-Conjugated Systems via a Donor-Acceptor Approach. J. Solid State. Electrochem. 20 (viii), 2337–2349. doi:10.1007/s10008-016-3253-0
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Narang, J., Chauhan, N., Rani, P., and Pundir, C. Southward. (2013). Structure of an Amperometric TG Biosensor Based on AuPPy Nanocomposite and Poly (Indole-v-Carboxylic Acid) Modified Au Electrode. Bioproc. Biosyst Eng 36 (4), 425–432. doi:10.1007/s00449-012-0799-9
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Odeyemi, O. A., Alegbeleye, O. O., Strateva, K., and Stratev, D. (2020). Understanding Spoilage Microbial Community and Spoilage Mechanisms in Foods of Brute Origin. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 19 (ii), 311–331. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12526
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Pandey, A., Gurbuz, Y., Ozguz, V., Niazi, J. H., and Qureshi, A. (2017). Graphene-Interfaced Electrical Biosensor for Label-Free and Sensitive Detection of Foodborne Pathogenic E. C O157:H7. Biosens. Bioelectron. 91, 225–231. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2016.12.041
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Park, J. Y., Park, K., Ok, Yard., Chang, H.-J., Park, T. J., Choi, S.-Westward., et al. (2020). Detection of Escherichia C O157:H7 Using Automatic Immunomagnetic Separation and Enzyme-Based Colorimetric Analysis. Sensors twenty (5), 1395. doi:10.3390/s20051395
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Patra, J., and Baek, 1000.-H. (2016). Antibacterial Activeness and Action Mechanism of the Essential Oil from Enteromorpha Linza L. Against Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria. Molecules 21 (three), 388. doi:10.3390/molecules21030388
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Qaanei, Thousand., Taheri, R. A., and Eskandari, K. (2021). Electrochemical Aptasensor for Escherichia C O157: H7 Leaner Detection Using a Nanocomposite of Reduced Graphene Oxide, Gold Nanoparticles and Polyvinyl Alcohol. Anal. Methods 13, 3101–3109. doi:x.1039/d1ay00563d
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Rad, A. H., Aghebati-Maleki, L., Kafil, H. Due south., Gilani, N., Abbasi, A., and Khani, N. (2021). Postbiotics, every bit Dynamic Biomolecules, and Their Promising Role in Promoting Food Safety. Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem. xi (six), 14529–14544. doi:ten.33263/briac116.1452914544
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Sai-Anand, G., Sivanesan, A., Benzigar, M. R., Singh, G., Gopalan, A.-I., Baskar, A. Five., et al. (2019). Recent Progress on the Sensing of Pathogenic Bacteria Using Advanced Nanostructures. Balderdash. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 92 (1), 216–244. doi:10.1246/bcsj.20180280
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Shi, J., Chan, C., Pang, Y., Ye, Westward., Tian, F., Lyu, J., et al. (2015). A Fluorescence Resonance Free energy Transfer (FRET) Biosensor Based on Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) and Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the Detection of mecA Gene Sequence of Staphylococcus A. Biosens. Bioelectron. 67, 595–600. doi:x.1016/j.bios.2014.09.059
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Sieuwerts, S., De Bok, F. A. One thousand., Mols, E., De Vos, W. M., and van Hylckama Vlieg, J. E. T. (2008). A Unproblematic and Fast Method for Determining Colony Forming Units. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 47 (4), 275–278. doi:ten.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02417.10
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Sivakkumar, S. R., Angulakshmi, N., and Saraswathi, R. (2005). Characterization of Poly(indole-5-Carboxylic Acid) in Aqueous Rechargeable Cells. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 98 (2), 917–922. doi:10.1002/app.22202
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Sperber, W. H., North American Millers' Association Microbiology Working Group (2007). Office of Microbiological Guidelines in the Production and Commercial Use of Milled Cereal Grains: a Practical Approach for the 21st century. J. Nutrient Prot. seventy (iv), 1041–1053. doi:10.4315/0362-028x-70.4.1041
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Stockman, J. A. (2013). German Outbreak of Escherichia Coli O104:H4 Associated with Sprouts. Yearb. Pediatr. 2013, 287–289. doi:ten.1016/j.yped.2011.12.017
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Xue, L., Huang, F., Hao, L., Cai, G., Zheng, L., Li, Y., et al. (2020). A Sensitive Immunoassay for Simultaneous Detection of Foodborne Pathogens Using MnO2 Nanoflowers-Assisted Loading and Release of Breakthrough Dots. Food Chem. 322, 126719. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126719
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Yang, T., Ren, X., Yang, K., Li, Ten., He, Thousand., Rao, A., et al. (2019). A Highly Sensitive Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Poly(Indole-5-Carboxylicacid) with Ultra-Loftier Redox Stability. Biosens. Bioelectron. 141, 111406. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2019.111406
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Yang, T., Yang, X., Guo, X., Fu, South., Zheng, J., Chen, S., et al. (2020). A Novel Fluorometric Aptasensor Based on Carbon Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Escherichia C O157:H7 in Milk. J. Dairy Sci. 103 (9), 7879–7889. doi:10.3168/jds.2020-18344
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Yang, Q., Deng, S., Xu, J., Farooq, U., Yang, T., Chen, W., et al. (2021). Poly (Indole-5-Carboxylic Acid)/Reduced Graphene Oxide/gold Nanoparticles/Phage-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Highly Specific Detection of Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis. Microchimica Acta 188 (4), 1–thirteen. doi:10.1007/s00604-020-04676-y
PubMed Abstruse | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Yao, Fifty., Zheng, L., Cai, G., Wang, S., Wang, L., and Lin, J. (2020). A Rapid and Sensitive Salmonella Biosensor Based on Viscoelastic Inertial Microfluidics. Sensors xx (nine), 2738. doi:10.3390/s20092738
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Zhao, Ten., Lin, C.-W., Wang, J., and Oh, D. H. (2014). Advances in Rapid Detection Methods for Foodborne Pathogens. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24 (3), 297–312. doi:ten.4014/jmb.1310.10013
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Zhao, L., Guo, J., Li, S., and Wang, J. (2021). The Development of Thermal Immunosensing for the Detection of Nutrient-Borne Pathogens E. coli O157: H7 Based on the Novel Substoichiometric Photothermal Conversion Materials MoO3-X NPs. Sensors Actuators B: Chem. 344, 130306. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2021.130306
CrossRef Total Text | Google Scholar
Zhou, B., Ye, Q., Chen, M., Li, F., Xiang, 10., Shang, Y., et al. (2022). Novel Species-Specific Targets for Existent-Time PCR Detection of Four Common Pathogenic Staphylococcus Spp. Nutrient Control 131, 108478. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108478
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2022.843859/full
0 Response to "Review of True Composite 40 V Ecd Carbon 20"
Post a Comment